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Conspiracies are found to be true on occasion, which renders them no longer “theories”. For example, in the 1960s and 70s, the CIA really did engage in secretive experiments to identify drugs to force confessions (Project MKUltra).
But what is surprising is the degree to which people seem to believe in unfounded conspiracies, especially given the lack of evidence.
Previous research has highlighted three potential motives for why people buy into conspiracy theories.
First, people may latch onto conspiracy theories as a way of understanding and explaining a chaotic world, drawing links between unconnected events to create a sense of certainty.
For example, studies show people who prefer an intuitive style of thinking — “going with their gut” — are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, while those who engage in more deliberative, analytic thinking are less convinced.
Second, for some people, believing in conspiracy theories gives them a greater sense of safety and control over the unknown. Central to this is a distrust of the “other” — as in, different types of people or groups.
Some researchers have pointed to this being evolutionary — a psychological mechanism that aims to minimise the risk of threats from enemies and maintain a safe environment for one’s “tribe”.
Lastly, conspiracy theories may serve as a way for people to maintain a positive sense of self and their identity as a member of a social group. This meets a fundamental human need for belonging. For example, those who felt socially excluded have been found to be more likely to engage in conspiracies.
In our research, we found evidence for all three motives being associated with belief in conspiracy theories.
We asked participants a series of validated questions and looked at their associations with beliefs in conspiracies. Those who were more likely to endorse conspiracy theories were less analytical in their thinking, less trusting of others, or felt alienated from mainstream society.
What does this mean for combating conspiracies?
Research has shown that belief in conspiracy theories, on balance, is harmful to society. Climate change conspiracy theories can motivate people away from social action, while conspiracy theories about 5G telecommunications have been associated with support for violent tendencies.
Also, research shows people who believe in one conspiracy theory tend to believe in others.
Our other recent research shows people who engage in some kinds of conspiratorial thinking are also more likely to reject beneficial scientific innovations.
For example, those who believe in criminal conspiracies within governments and conspiracies related to restrictions on personal health practices and liberties are more likely to reject childhood vaccinations.
Trying to extricate friends and family from these webs of conspiracies can be difficult. But appealing to why they believe in them — rather than just what they believe — may be more effective at countering these beliefs.
Research suggests avoiding ridicule, showing empathy, affirming critical thinking and appealing to trusted message sources can help when talking to someone who believes in conspiracy theories.
We are currently planning and conducting further research to track people’s beliefs over time so we can pinpoint the key ingredients to their continued endorsement of conspiracies — and what convinces them to climb out of the rabbit hole.
We hope this will help counter the pernicious effects conspiracy theories have on societal cohesion.
About The Authors
Mathew Marques, Lecturer in Social Psychology, La Trobe University; James (Jim) McLennan, adjunct professor, School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, La Trobe University; John Kerr, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge; Mathew Ling, Lecturer in Psychology, Deakin University, and Matt Williams, Lecturer in Psychology, Massey University
This article is republished and abridged from The Conversation under a CC license. Read the original article.
