Image by Gundula Vogel from Pixabay
People who tried a new mindfulness app reported smoking fewer cigarettes a day, according to a new study.
Further, the researchers say the people who most reduced the number of cigarettes they smoked also showed decreased reactivity to smoking-related images in a part of the brain known to activate when someone experiences a craving.
For a randomized controlled trial comparing smoking-cessation apps, one group of 33 participants used a mindfulness-based app for four weeks, while another group of 34 participants used a free smoking-cessation app from the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
“This is the first study to show that mindfulness training could specifically affect a mechanism in the brain and to show that changes in this brain mechanism were connected to improved clinical outcomes,” says Jud Brewer, an associate professor of behavioral and social sciences and psychiatry at Brown University and director of research and innovation at the School of Public Health’s Mindfulness Center.
“We’re moving in the direction of being able to screen someone before treatment and offer them the behavior-change interventions that will be most likely to help them. This will save everybody time and money.”
11 fewer cigarettes a day
The mindfulness app includes daily videos and activities to help users identify their smoking triggers, become more aware of cravings, and learn mindfulness methods to ride out the cravings. The NCI app helps users track smoking triggers, provides inspirational messages, and delivers distractions to help users deal with cravings.
Both apps helped participants reduce their self-reported daily cigarette consumption by a wide range—with an average drop of 11 cigarettes per day for the mindfulness app and an average drop of 9 per day for the NCI app. Some participants in both groups reported smoking no cigarettes by the end of the month.
Participants in both groups completed an average of 16 out of 22 stand-alone modules of the app. Participants in the mindfulness group who completed more modules were likely to have a greater reduction in their cigarette consumption, a correlation not found for the NCI group. Participants in the mindfulness group were also significantly more likely to say that they would recommend the app to a friend than participants in the NCI group.
To determine how the mindfulness app worked in the brain, researchers conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of participants as they looked at smoking-associated images or other images not associated with smoking. They conducted the scans before and after participants used one of the two apps.
Specifically, the researchers looked at changes in brain activity in the posterior cingulate cortex—a ping-pong-ball-sized brain region known to activate when someone craves cigarettes, cocaine, or even chocolate, Brewer says.
Tempting images
Meditation has been shown to deactivate the posterior cingulate cortex, so Brewer hypothesized that this region would play a critical role in how mindfulness-based interventions—app-based or otherwise—affect the brain and change behaviors.
When researchers directly compared the changes in brain reactivity in the target region between the two groups before and after they used the apps, they found no statistical differences.
However, when they looked at the individual level and compared the reduction in cigarettes smoked to the changes in brain reactivity, they found that the participants in the mindfulness group who had the greatest reduction in number of cigarettes per day—those for whom the app was most effective—also showed a significant reduction in brain reactivity to smoking images.
The correlation between number of cigarettes smoked and brain reactivity was particularly significant for women in the mindfulness group.
Researchers saw no correlation between number of cigarettes smoked and brain reactivity for participants who used the NCI app.
Surprisingly, 13 percent of participants were non-reactive to smoking images before they used either app, a phenomenon not encountered in previous scientific literature, Brewer says. Other participants became more reactive to smoking images after they used either app—a reaction seen before in people who crave cigarettes more while trying to quit.
‘Digital therapeutics’
Brewer plans to study the apparent difference in the efficacy of the mindfulness app for women in more detail and also plans to combine neurofeedback training with the mindfulness app and track participants in the future study for six months after using the app—the gold standard for determining clinical efficacy in smoking-cessation studies, he says.
“Digital therapeutics, such as smartphone apps, are an accessible and affordable way to deliver an evidence-based treatment—if an app is developed with an evidence base behind it, because 99 percent of apps aren’t—with 100 percent fidelity,” Brewer says.
“You know exactly what training people are getting, because you’re not depending on a therapist to follow a manual. As a psychiatrist, I think a lot of us are pretty excited about the promise of digital therapeutics.”
Brewer founded and owns stock in the company that developed and sells the mindfulness-based app, a fact disclosed in the paper in Neuropsychopharmacology.
About the Authors
Additional researchers are from Brown, Harvard Medical School, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital, the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and the University of Oklahoma-Tulsa School of Community Medicine.
The National Institutes of Health supported the research.
Source: Brown University
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