A small shift in the presentation of an assignment can reduce racial inequality within the group working on it and lead to better outcomes, according to a new study.

Previous research has shown that groups often diminish the contributions of minorities, by dismissing their opinions more often, for example, or by being less likely to adopt their ideas. Researchers wondered whether reframing the parameters of a group task could reduce that inequality, and how that would affect the quality of the group’s work.

“Past research shows that people with different skills working together is good for group performance, but relatively little research has been done on how superficial differences that shouldn’t matter, like race, affect group performance,” says Bianca Manago, assistant professor of sociology at Vanderbilt University. “We found that when people are more willing to listen to the minority group member, the group does better.”

Valuing team contributions

For a new experiment, researchers put together groups of three volunteers composed of two white women and one Mexican-American woman to work on a problem-solving task once a week for three weeks. Each week, they were asked to rank the importance of 12-15 of scenario-specific items to survive in one of three dangerous places: the desert, the sea, and the moon.

For each week’s scenario, researchers instructed each volunteer to first create her own ranking, then work with the other two women in her group to develop the ranking they would submit as their collective answer.

On the first day of the experiment, researchers told the control groups that some participants would be better at the task than others, and that the researchers were studying what makes some groups more successful than others.

“…not only does [the research] say that diversity is good for diversity’s sake, it says diversity improves us and makes us better as a team.”

Researchers told the experimental groups something slightly different: that the task required drawing from a wide variety of skills and that no single person in a group was likely to possess all of the abilities required to succeed. This, the researchers theorized, would shift the volunteers’ expectations about their own competence as well as the other people in their group.

Each week, the researchers not only evaluated the quality of the group answer, but also compared it to the individual answers to see how well individuals performed against the group, as well as to see who changed their minds. This allowed the researchers to measure deference—the frequency with which an individual changed their minds during a disagreement—as well as synergy—the ability of a group to outperform any single individual in the group.

In the control group, the white participants consistently exhibited the lowest levels of deference—they were much less likely to change their minds to agree with the Mexican American group member than the reverse. In the experimental group, however, where the participants were told everyone had something of value to contribute, the white women deferred more frequently to the Mexican-American women than they did in the control group.

Lost at sea

Interestingly, the researchers note, this did not hold true for one of the tasks: the lost-at-sea scenario. Feedback from the volunteers suggested that this was an especially difficult task—likely because a number of the seafaring items in the list were unfamiliar, such as a sextant, and therefore difficult to rank. “In that case, we believe the presence of uncertainty, unfortunately, caused people to fall back into old habits,” Manago says.

Finally, the researchers found that the experimental groups outperformed the control groups. By the end of the experiment, the experimental group was 40 percent more likely than the control group to achieve some synergy, and 20 percent more likely to achieve a lot.

“That was a really cool finding,” Manago says, “because not only does it say that diversity is good for diversity’s sake, it says diversity improves us and makes us better as a team.”

The research appears in the journal Social Forces. Additional coauthors are from Texas A&M University and Kent State University.

The National Science Foundation supported the work.

Source: Vanderbilt University

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